Tag: Form C

Self-hosted Reg CF offerings legal analysis SEC crowdfunding rules

Improving Legal Documents In Crowdfunding: How to Write A Biography For A Disclosure Document

On By crowdfundattnyIn Form C, Legal Documents, Offering Statement, Regulation ALeave a comment

Investors want to know the people running the show. That’s why we always include a brief biography of the principals in a securities disclosure document, whether a Form C, a Private Placement Memorandum, or an Offering Statement. In Regulation A offerings, for example, companies must:

Give a brief account of the business experience during the past five years of each director, executive officer, person nominated or chosen to become a director or executive officer, and each significant employee, including his or her principal occupations and employment during that period and the name and principal business of any corporation or other organization in which such occupations and employment were carried on. When an executive. officer or significant employee has been employed by the issuer for less than five years, a brief explanation must be included as to the nature of the responsibilities undertaken by the individual in prior positions to provide adequate disclosure of this prior business experience. What is required is information relating to the level of the employee’s professional competence, which may include, depending upon the circumstances, such specific information as the size of the operation supervised.

Note the italicized language:  “What is required is information relating to the level of the employee’s professional competence. . . .” I point that out because to often we see business biographies like this:

John Smith is a visionary leader with an unwavering commitment to excellence, known for his dynamic approach to seizing opportunities and delivering unparalleled value. With a forward-thinking mindset and a passion for innovation, he leverages his far-reaching vision to create transformative strategies that align with stakeholder interests. His results-oriented leadership style empowers teams, drives growth, and positions the company for long-term success in a rapidly evolving market landscape. Outside of his professional achievements, Mr. Smith enjoys spending time with his [fourth] wife and three children, traveling to exotic destinations, and pursuing hobbies such as gourmet cooking, marathon running, and landscape photography.

Alas, that has nothing to do with Mr. Smith’s professional competence.

Mr. Smith’s biography should look more like this:

John Smith has more than 25 years of experience in the logistics and supply chain sector, with a track record of leading operational growth and efficiency in both privately held and publicly traded companies. From 2012 to 2021, he served as Chief Operating Officer of MidAtlantic Freight Systems, where he managed a network of five regional distribution centers, implemented a company-wide warehouse automation initiative that reduced order fulfillment times by 30%, and oversaw a workforce of more than 300 employees.

Before that, Mr. Smith was Director of Business Development at Eastern Transport Group, where he negotiated long-term contracts with Fortune 500 clients and led market expansion into three new states, increasing annual revenue by 45% over four years. Earlier in his career, he held senior operations roles at Interstate Logistics and Northstar Supply Chain Solutions, where he specialized in integrating newly acquired facilities and standardizing operational processes across multiple regions.

Mr. Smith holds a B.S. in Business Administration from Rutgers University and an MBA from Temple University’s Fox School of Business. He has extensive experience in vendor contract negotiations, ERP system implementation, transportation network optimization, and capital project management. Over the course of his career, he has built a reputation for data-driven decision-making, disciplined cost control, and the ability to align operational capabilities with long-term strategic goals.

That’s much more useful to investors. And it’s much more impressive, isn’t it?

Questions? Let me know.

Markley S. Roderick
Lex Nova Law
10 East Stow Road, Suite 250, Marlton, NJ 08053
P: 856.382.8402 | E: mroderick@lexnovalaw.com

Self-hosted Reg CF offerings legal analysis SEC crowdfunding rules

How To Draft A Form C For Regulation Crowdfunding

On By crowdfundattnyIn Crowdfunding Vehicles, Form C, Reg CF, SPVLeave a comment

Form C is the disclosure document used in Reg CF. Because I see so many Form Cs that aren’t done properly, I thought it would be worthwhile to explain how a Form C should be drafted and why too many lawyers go astray.

Rule 201 (17 CFR §227.201) tells us exactly what should be disclosed in a Form C:

  • Rule 201(a) calls for the name, legal status, physical address, and website of the issuer.
  • Rule 201(b) calls for the names and business experience of officers and directors. 
  • Rule 201(c) calls for the name of each person owning 20% or more of the voting stock.
  • All the way through Rule 201(z), which calls for copies of testing the waters materials.

Rule 201 is exhaustive, i.e., there is no disclosure requirement in Reg CF outside Rule 201, other than a short financial summary. 

If you had never prepared a disclosure document, how would you provide the disclosures required by Rule 201? Chances are, you would simply go down the list, from Rule 201(a) to Rule 201(z), and provide answers to all the questions. And that is exactly the right way to do it.

Look at this Form C, for a company called ScienceCast, Inc. Look at the Table of Contents, how it just goes through Rule 201, item-by-item. Look at the body, where each item is labeled with the corresponding rule. Look how the Form C describes the role of the crowdfunding vehicle, or SPV. If you had never prepared a disclosure document and were trying to do things right, I bet this is how you would do it.

Yet look at most of the Form Cs that are filed with the SEC. They don’t follow this format at all or follow it only loosely. In the worst case, of which there are many examples, you can’t even tell it’s a Form C. It looks like a typical Private Placement Memorandum you would see in a Regulation D offering.

And that explains why too many lawyers go off track. A lawyer who has prepared hundreds of Private Placement Memoranda thinks “A Form C is just another type of disclosure document. I’ll start with the form I’m already familiar with rather than create something new from scratch.”

Legal forms can be very useful, but they can also become like an old ship encrusted with barnacles. Over time, lawyers tend to add things to form documents as new cases are decided or new concepts come to mind, but rarely is any of the old stuff scraped away, much less the whole document re-thought.

Using the fresh-out-of-the-box Form C rather than the encrusted Private Placement Memorandum has many benefits:

  • It’s far easier to make sure all the disclosures are there.
  • It’s far easier to check for accuracy.
  • It’s far easier to create an easy-to-understand template.
  • It’s far more efficient, cutting costs.
  • It’s far easier for a lawyer to prepare or review, cutting costs.
  • It’s far easier for the funding portal to explain to the issuer.
  • It avoids all the duplication you see in a typical PPM.
  • It avoids all the state notices and other unnecessary legal boilerplate you see in a typical PPM.
  • It’s far easier for an investor to compare one offering to another.
  • It’s far easier for an investor to read and understand.
  • It uses less energy, reducing the impact of Reg CF on the fragile coral reefs surrounding Australia.

For Reg CF to grow, the industry must standardize. I hope it can at least standardize around a Form C.

Questions? Let me know.

SEC Provides Guidance On Advertising By Title III Issuers

On By crowdfundattnyIn SECLeave a comment

sec guidance

The SEC just provided guidance for Title III issuers in the form of Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations. You can read the CD&I’s themselves here.

Before Filing

Before filing Form C (the disclosure document used in Title III) and being listed on a Funding Portal, a Title III issuer may not take any action that would “condition the public mind or arouse public interest in the issuer or in its securities.” That means:

  • No Demo Days
  • No email blasts or social media posts about the offering
  • No meetings with possible investors

After Filing

Once a Title III issuer has filed Form C and been listed on a Funding Portal, any advertising that includes the “terms of the offering” is subject to the “tombstone” limits of Rule 204. The “terms of the offering” include the amount of securities offered, the nature of the securities, the price of the securities, and the closing date of the offering period.

Advertising that does not include the “terms of the offering” is not subject to Rule 204. Theoretically, for example, an issuer could attend a Demo Day after filing its Form C, as long as it didn’t mention (1) how much money it’s trying to raise, (2) what kind of securities it’s offering, (3) the price of the securities, or (4) the closing date of its offering.

Three caveats:

  • Have you ever been to a Demo Day? It’s hard to imagine someone wouldn’t ask “How much money are you trying to raise?” or that the company representative wouldn’t answer. Theoretically possible, yes, but in practice highly unlikely.
  • Even the statements “We’re selling stock” or “We’re issuing debt” are “terms of the offering” and therefore cross the line.
  • There’s an interesting difference between the regulations themselves and the CD&Is. The regulations say “terms of the offering” means the items mentioned. The CD&Is, on the other hand, say “terms of the offering” include the items mentioned. Thus, if you take the CD&Is literally, maybe “terms of the offering” also include other things, like the start date of the offering.

Video

After filing, a Title III issuer can use video to advertise the “terms of the offering,” as long as the video otherwise complies with Rule 204.

Media Advertisements

After filing, if a Title III issuer is “directly or indirectly involved in the preparation” of a media article that mentions the “terms of the offering,” then the issuer is responsible if the article violates Rule 204.

EXAMPLE:  You attend a Demo Day, and the organizer announces how much money you’re trying to raise. You violated Rule 204.

EXAMPLE:  A reporter from your local paper calls. Eager for the free press, you tell her you’re raising $200,000 for a new microbrewery in town, which she repeats in her article. You violated Rule 204.

EXAMPLE:  A reporter from your local paper calls. Eager for the free press, but very savvy legally, you tell her about your plans for the microbrewery but carefully avoid telling her how much money you’re raising or any other “terms of the offering.” She goes to the Funding Portal and finds out herself, and reports that you’re raising $200,000. You violated Rule 204.

To be safe, you just can’t be involved, directly or indirectly, with anyone from the press who doesn’t understand Title III and promise, cross her heart and hope to die, not to disclose any “terms of the offering.”

Advertisements on the Funding Portal

Advertising a Title III offering outside the Funding Portal is a minefield. But inside the Funding Portal is a completely different story. Inside the Funding Portal is where everything is supposed to happen in Title III. Focus your attention there, where the minefields are few and far between.

Questions? Let me know.

 

 

 

 

 

Using Title III Disclosures In Title II Crowdfunding

On By crowdfundattnyIn Title II Crowdfunding, Title III CrowdfundingLeave a comment

Title III requires all these disclosures, reported on the new Form C:

  • The name, legal status, physical address, and website of the issuer
  • The names of the directors and officers of the issuer and their employment history over the last three years
  • The name of each person owning 20% or more of the issuer’s stock
  • The issuer’s business and business plans
  • The number of employees of the issuer
  • A statement of risks
  • How much money the issuer is trying to raise
  • How the money will be used
  • The price of the shares or the method for determining the price
  • The capital structure of the issuer, including the rights of all security-holders, restrictions on transfer, and how the securities are being valued
  • A description of the portal’s financial interests
  • A description of the issuer’s liabilities
  • A description of other offerings conducted within the past three years
  • A description of “insider” transactions
  • A discussion of the issuer’s financial conditionimpossible possible
  • Financial statements or their equivalent
  • Any other information necessary in order to make the statements made not misleading

As I write this, a lot of very smart entrepreneurs and software engineers are working to automate these disclosures. They have to:  to make money running a Title III portals, you’re going to have to automate everything that can be automated.

Now look at Title II. As a write this, the disclosures for almost all Title II deals are prepared the old-fashioned way, with a lawyer writing an old-fashioned Private Placement Memorandum. The PPM for Deal 1 on Portal X might or might not include the same information as the PPM for Deal 2 on Portal X, and almost certainly doesn’t include the same information or look the same as the PPM for deals on Portal Y. An investor trying to compare apples to apples would go, well, bananas.

That situation is ripe (sorry) for change and I think it will change as Title III comes online, for three reasons:

  1. As someone argued recently, investors couldn’t care less about the distinction between Title II and Title III. They are going to want to see the same information in the same format.
  2. Using the tools developed for Title III, Title II portals will be able to provide more information than they are currently providing, cheaper and more effectively.
  3. There is no law that dictates what information must be provided in a Title II offering. But we still think about 17 CFR §240.10b-5, which makes it unlawful to “. . . .make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made. . . .not misleading. . . .” As the industry develops, it seems at least possible, if not likely, that the disclosures required by Title III could be viewed as the standard for avoiding Rule 10b-5 liability.

Questions? Let me know.